السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته..
صبآحكم...و...مسآئكم الله بالخير..
أنا جديدة في هذا الموقع ..وأول مشاركة لي ...وحدي محتاجة لمساعدتكم..الله يخليكم لاتبخلون علي بمساعدة .. وان شآء الله في ميزان حسناتكم..وعلى اجر ان شآء الله..
أنا طالبة جامعية ..وآخر سنة التخرج هذا الترم..وعندي مشروع بحث المفروض اني اخلصه هذا الاسبوع..واللي معيقني اللغة الانجليزية..وانا مااعرف انجليزي..فاشلة ..أهئ..أهئ..وماودي احمل الماده واخذ ترم زيادة علشانه..طبعا حاولت اترجمه من قوقل ..يعطيني كلام وتنسيق مو مفهوم..والمكتبات ترجمتهم غالية ..وكمان طلبت مساعدات من ربعي منهم كثر الله خيرهم ساعدوني بشي قليل واكتفوا ..ومنهم اعتذروا .. قلت اجرب المنتدى..
فالله يخليكم..اللي تعرف انجليزي تحاول تترجمه لي هذا الاسبوع اذا الكلمة فيها مصطلحات طبية انجليزية ماتعرف تترجمها تتركها هيك باللغة الانجليزية..لانو مافي وقت..ادري بتعبكم معاي..بس اعتبروها مساعدة خيرية ..وراح ادعيلها اللي بتترجم لي في صلاتي ان شاء الله ..عسى ربي يحقق امانياتها..
نبدأ..بسم الله..
What is endorphin..?
A peptide hormone named endorphin produced in the brain and anterior pituitary.
Endorphin inhibits pain perception. It is popularly called body's natural analgesic or opiate.
Endorphin is produced at the time of physical or emotional stress, such as labor of child birth.
Endorphin binds to the same receptors that binds exogenous opiates.
Endorphin Affect your mood and emotions and may be responsible for your body feeling pleasure even euphoria for your body feeling pleasure.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Beta-endorphin..
. Beta-endorphin is released by pituitary ( into blood ) and hypothalamus ( into the spinal cord and brain )
. Beta-endorphin is a cleavage product of pro-opiomelanocortin ]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Receptors of endorphin…
. All of the endorphin bind to the opioid receptors in the brain.
. These analgesia producing receptors are located in your brain, spinal cord, and other nerve endings.
Analgesic ( most important )… Analgesic ( predominantly )… Analgesic ( hyper-analgesic )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Transport and distribution…
. Beta-endorphin is released by:
1- Pituitary ( into blood ) and
2- Hypothalamus ( into the spinal cord and brain ) .
. Beta endorphin containing nerve fibres spread widely from neurons in the hypothalamus, to make inhibitory contacts with target neurons to reduce pain.
Free hormones are rapidly eliminated from circulation through kidney or liver.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
An Easy Way to Think of Receptors and Endorphins binding…
. Is to think of the substance as a key and the receptor as a lock.
. When the substance binds to the receptor it opens the lock.
. This in turn sends another signal or causes the release of a substance.
. When a lot of signals are sent a function happens like the release of a hormone.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Binding of endorphin and Receptor…
. Portion of molecule Where ligand binds is called binding site.
. If the molecule Is a receptor (like in acell membrane) the binding site is called receptor site.
. The purpose of binding to target tissue is to elicit a response by the target cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
Mode of Action…
. The mu receptor is the strongest binding site of the body's natural pain killer, the class of opioid peptides called the endorphin.
. The mu receptor is a G-protein linked receptor. When endorphin binds to the delta receptor is induces a conformational change that causes the activation of a specific
G-protein.
. This G-protein inhibits the membrane bound enzyme adenylate cyclase and prevents the synthesis of ( c A M P ).
. The transmission of the pain signal requires ( c A M P ) to act as a secondary messenger, and so inhibition of this enzyme blocks the signal.
(Pain-relieving effect by blocking the release of substance P)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Abnormalities of endorphin receptors..
However with some people: When the lock (receptor) is damaged.
No matter how much Endorphins may be near the receptor because it does not function right. The lock can not be opened.
By Genetics..Birth Defect
A person can be born with defective receptors. This can make an individual more susceptible to addiction
By Exogenous drug
And using opiates – not for pain – but when the brain is flooded over and over again – the receptors stop ****ing normally.
..........................................................................................................................
How does potency differ..?
Endorphin…
1-Endogenous opioid. 2-Powerful analgesic 18 to 500 times than morphin
3-Similar Molecular structure and different chemical properties. 4-Non-addictive
5-Does not cause addiction 6-Metabolized quickly
Morphin…
1-Exogenous opioid 2-Less analgesic than endorphin. 3-It also 4-Addictive
5-Side-effects: euphoria..dysphoria, constipation, respiratory depression, nausea..vomiting
6- Metabolized slowly
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
What is drug addiction..?
In the normal course Op.
When the brain is flooded with exogenous opiates, (heroin a morphine derivative) it mimic of endorphins so system gets confused.
It thinks it is making too many endorphins and shuts that down, But it still has all this excess (heroin) and thinks that it also needs to make more receptors.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
What Happens Next…
. As more Opiate Receptors are made you need more heroin to get the same effect so you use more.
. And more receptors are made to accommodate the extra what the brain thinks is endorphins.
. For decreasing this effect you need more substance to get the same effect.
.............................................................................................................................
Can methadone fix to endorphin receptors..
. Methadone does normalize the damage caused by drug use ( heroin ).
. Synthetic. Long half-life Used to reduce withdrawal symptoms of heroin addicts
. And there is some evidence that for persons who have not used drugs very long that methadone will stop the damage they are doing and over time can normalize the system.
. But this is a small minority-30
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Future of endorphin's and other's receptors
. The future of Opioid Analgesics seems to be linked to the study of the Kappa Receptor. The Kappa receptor induces analgesia without the dangerous and unwanted side effects that the mu and delta receptors are associated with.
. However there are not any selectively strong agonists to this receptor as of now.
. Another area of research important to the future of opioid analgesics is the study of the endogenous opioid peptides.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Future of endorphin's and other's receptors
. Because these peptides are endogenous, on metabolic degradation ( unlike opiates ) they break down to amino acids. Hence, the metabolites are nontoxic and to not cause kidney and liver damage
. Also, because they are made from amino acid residues, a large number of analogs can be synthesized from a few basic building blocks and simple modifications may be attempted to develop analogs with a desired biological effect.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Summary
. endorphin is best analgesic endogenous opioid.
. For future research endorphin receptors are very important.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Endorphins: Natural Pain and Stress Fighters
Endorphins are among the brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters, which function to transmit electrical signals within the nervous system. At least 20 types of endorphins have been demonstrated in humans. Endorphins can be found in the pituitary gland, in other parts of the brain, or distributed throughout the nervous system.
Stress and pain are the two most common factors leading to the release of endorphins. Endorphins interact with the opiate receptors in the brain to reduce our perception of pain and act similarly to drugs such as morphine and codeine. In contrast to the opiate drugs, however, activation of the opiate receptors by the body's endorphins does not lead to addiction or dependence.
In addition to decreased feelings of pain, secretion of endorphins leads to feelings of euphoria, modulation of appetite, release of *** hormones, and enhancement of the immune response. With high endorphin levels, we feel less pain and fewer negative effects of stress. Endorphins have been suggested as modulators of the so-called "runner's high" that athletes achieve with prolonged exercise. While the role of endorphins and other compounds as potential triggers of this euphoric response has been debated extensively by doctors and scientists, it is at least known that the body does produce endorphins in response to prolonged, continuous exercise.
Endorphin release varies among individuals. This means that two people who exercise at the same level or suffer the same degree of pain will not necessarily produce similar levels of endorphins. Certain foods, such as chocolate or chili peppers, can also lead to enhanced secretion of endorphins. In the case of chili peppers, the spicier the pepper, the more endorphins are secreted. The release of endorphins upon ingestion of chocolate likely explains the comforting feelings that many people associate with this food and the craving for chocolate in times of stress.
Even if you don't participate in strenuous athletics, you can also try various activities to increase your body's endorphin levels. Studies of acupuncture and massage therapy have shown that both of these techniques can stimulate endorphin secretion. *** is also a potent trigger for endorphin release. Finally, the practice of meditation can increase the amount of endorphins released in your body.
............................................................
What are Endorphins?
The word "Endorphin" comes from the two words, "endogenous + morphine." Endorphins are small, protein molecules that are produced by cells in your nervous system and other parts of your body. An important role of endorphins is to **** with sedative receptors that are known to relieve common pain. These analgesia-producing receptors are located in your brain, spinal cord, and other nerve endings. Endorphins are not a single molecule, but actually come in several forms, and can be anywhere from eighteen to five hundred times as powerful as any man-made analgesic. And, they are non-addictive.
Endorphins have been shown to . . .
- Control persistent pain
- Control the craving for chocolate and potentially addictive substances
- Control feelings of stress and frustration
- Regulate the production of growth and *** hormones
- Reduce symptoms associated with eating disorders
Because they are naturally produced by the body, endorphins are possibly the best (and most legal way) to achieve a natural high. Chemically speaking, endorphins are polypeptides, which are able to bind to the neuro-receptors in the brain to give relief from pain. They are one reason why soldiers wounded in battle can continue to fight or have the strength to save someone else; it also accounts for the so called runner's high, or why some people are drawn to dangerous activities like car racing, sky diving and bungee jumping.
Endorphins are polypeptides containing 30 amino acid units. Opioids are considered stress hormones like corticotrophin, cortisol, and catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline), and are manufactured by the body to reduce stress and relieve pain. Usually produced during periods of extreme stress, endorphins naturally block pain signals produced by the nervous system.
The human body produces at least 20 different endorphins with possible benefits and uses that researchers are investigating. Beta-endorphin appears to be the endorphin that seems to have the strongest affect on the brain and body during exercise; it is one kind of peptide hormone that is formed mainly by Tyrosine, an amino acid. The molecular structure is very similar to morphine but with different chemical properties.
While many people are vaguely aware that the blissful feelings one experiences after *** may be endorphin related, few are aware that endorphins are naturally produced by a wide range of activities like meditation, deep breathing, ribald laughter, eating spicy food, or receiving acupuncture treatments or chiropractic adjustments. Fewer still know that endorphins are actually good for health, and can play a role in helping drug and alcohol abusers overcome their addiction. Let's explore some of the dynamics of endorphins and how they affect our daily lives.
Although more research needs to be done, endorphins are believed to produce four key effects on the bodymind: they enhance the immune system, they relieve pain, they reduce stress, and postpone the aging process. Scientists also have found that beta-endorphins can activate human NK (Natural Killer) cells and boost the immune system against diseases and kill cancer cells. In contrast to short-intensity ****outs like sprinting or weightlifting, prolonged, continuous exercise like running, long-distance swimming, aerobics, cycling or cross-country skiing appears to contribute to an increased production and release of endorphins. This results in a sense of euphoria that has been popularly labeled the "runner's high."
Endorphins may also contribute to what some athletes call a "second wind." Rather than feeling pain and exhaustion while running, endorphins may help us actually feel limber and energized towards the end of a race. According to William Straw, M.D., a team physician for the San Jose Sharks, "at some point you may feel a little more energetic and you can kick-in when you did not feel like you could kick-in before."
Endorphins release varies according to the individual: one runner may have an endorphin rush (experienced as a second wind) after running for ten minutes, while another may need to run for thirty minutes before feeling a second wind.
The blissful feeling one often experiences after making love is due to the body's production of endorphins: in fact, endorphin production can increase 200% from the beginning to the end of ***ual activity. Recent studies, beginning with those of Candace Pert, Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University, have documented the connection between orgasm and endorphins, although ongoing physical contact, and not just *** alone, also helps produce endorphins, along with the hormone oxytocin. Together, they are like natural opiates and help stabilize a relationship between a loving couple by inducing what famed obstetrician Michel Odent, of London's Primal Health Research Center (whose book, The Scientification of Love, was published in England in 1999 and available through www.amazon.co.uk), calls "a drug like dependency." Although there are many reasons why two people choose to maintain a close and loving relationship, endorphins may be a factor.
A connection between good ***, endorphins and staying young may exist. In a 10-year study involving 3500 people, Dr. David Weeks, a neuropsychologist at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital and author of Secrets of the Super Young (Berkley, 1999) found that men and women who have *** four to five times a week look more than 10 years younger than the average person, who has *** twice a week. Dr. Weeks believes that the pleasure derived from *** was a crucial factor in preserving youth. "It makes us happy and produces chemicals telling us so." However, he found that indulging in promiscuous *** did not have the same benefits of enjoying loving *** in a long-term relationship, and it was more likely to promote the aging process rather than reduce it.
Many mothers can testify that labor can be excruciatingly painful; however at the same time, the body offers a reward for this exertion in the form of powerful painkilling endorphins and other chemicals that give the mother a genuine "high" during the birthing experience. By contrast, epidurals and other painkilling procedures prevent the production of endorphins for both mother and baby. Some researchers believe that this can actually cause harm to both mother and child, especially regarding mother-child bonding and the ability of the baby to adapt to a new life outside the womb. Adjuncts to natural birthing techniques (including exercise, massage, water, movement in labor, hypnosis, breathing and visualization) can increase the production of pain-killing endorphins for both the mother and her baby.
It has become well established that certain foods increase the body's natural production of endorphins. Although my 90-year-old great aunt was not aware of the scientific research showing that chocolate causes an endorphin rush, she frequently remarked that eating several ounces of chocolate every day made her life a lot more enjoyable. Chocolate is by far the most popular endorphin-producing food on earth. Known by the Greeks as the "food of the Gods," chocolate is derived from cacao beans that were revered by the Aztecs, who believed that eating chocolate would confer wisdom and vitality. In addition to sugar, caffeine and fat, chocolate contains more than 300 different constituent compounds, including anandamide, a chemical that mimics marijuana's soothing effects on the brain. It also contains chemical compounds such as flavonoids (which are also found in wine) that have antioxident properties and reduce serum cholesterol. Although the combined psychochemical effects of these compounds on the central nervous system are poorly understood, the production of endorphins are believed to contribute to the renowned "inner glow" experienced by dedicated chocolate lovers.
In contrast to chocolate, which is smooth and luscious, chili peppers provide a stimulating heat and "bite" that increases the body's production of endorphins. Many popular ethnic foods, including Tex-Mex, Mexican, Cajun, Indian, Chinese (especially Szechuan) and Thai, are renowned for their spiciness, and the resulting endorphin rush keeps diners coming back for more.
Chili peppers are not all created equal: red peppers are generally more pungent than green ones, and hotter chilies grow at higher altitudes and warmer temperatures. Chilies also release their heat differently; some are experienced as "hot" immediately, or their pungency is released over time; some chilies cause a burning sensation in the back of the throat, while others affect the tongue or the lips. And while chili peppers vary as to flavor, texture and color, they all provide important vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, calcium and vitamin C.
Although all hot chilies produce endorphins, they vary in pungency: the hotter the pepper, the greater the ability to stimulate endorphin production, When measured in Scoville heat units or Shu (a standard measurement of pungency in chilies) ancho chilies contain 900-1500 Shu, jalapeno peppers have 2500-6500, cayenne peppers can contain between 30,000 and 50,000 units, while the hottest of all - the habanero - pack between 200,000 and 300,000 Shu.
Several popular healing modalities have been found to stimulate the body's production of pain-killing endorphins. They include acupuncture, massage (including shiatsu), local electrical stimulation (electrotherapy), chiropractic and hydrotherapy, which can involve underwater massage with jets of water (hydromassage), alternating hot and cold showers or baths, hot and/or cold compresses, steam baths, far infrared saunas, colonic irrigations, or applying jets of water under pressure to various parts of the body.
One of the first to document the healing power of laughter was Norman Cousins in his book Anatomy of an Illness. Later research found that powerful, ribald laughter triggered the release of endorphins which not only relieve the pain of accident or illness, but can actually enhance the healing process by helping us develop greater optimism and joy. The manifold implications of this research highlights the body's psychosomatic net**** and its potential for healing. Pain clinics use creative visualization and deep breathing to increase the body's endorphin production for pain-relief, as well as the creative use of placebos, which are also related to endorphin production.
Music has always exerted powerful physical and psychological effects on humans, but scientists have only recently made the connection of different types of music with the production of endorphins. Although music affects each individual differently, research has shown that classical, rock, heavy metal, and even the music in elevators produces specific physical and psychological effects. By judiciously choosing the types (and pieces) of music we most enjoy, we can enhance endorphin production in our everyday lives.
Scientists have recently found that in addition to calming the nerves and reducing blood pressure, the regular practice of meditation (as well as the ancient Chinese practice of Qigong and yogic breathing) help the body produce endorphins for a feeling of well being.
Recent studies have shown that chronic stress, anger and depression cause the body to manufacture chemicals that can inhibit the healing process and shorten life expectancy, while euphoria protects us from stress, illness and premature death. While apparently unscientific, these findings are promoted by Candace Pert and other neuroscientists. Some of the major ways that we can experience a greater sense of joy and well being in our lives: becoming conscious, daily relaxation, enjoyable exercise, "pointless" recreational activities, tapping into our dreams, guiltless goofing off, experiencing pleasure in little things, public and private displays of affection, *** without guilt, greater laughter and additional sources of merriment.
Recent studies have found that nutritional and biochemical imbalances, rather than lack of will power or character, may increase the potential for substance abuse. Specifically, alcohol and drugs give temporary relief for a depleted endorphin level, which is one reason why they produce addiction. Although more research needs to be done, scientists believe that certain individuals may be genetically predisposed to alcohol abuse because they lack the ability to produce their own endorphins. In addition to counseling, support and 12-Step programs, people who are alcohol-dependent need to address problems linked to nutritional imbalances, like candida, food intolerance, hypoglycemia, stress and thyroid dysfunction in the treatment of addiction. The use of vitamin and mineral supplements, especially vitamin C, E, selenium and amino acids like glutamine, taurine and tyrosene may be helpful as well.
...................................................
Let’s laugh to ease the pain : Understanding the Role of Endorphins.
We all have experienced the positive effects of laughter. It induces a deep state of relaxation and a sense of well-being. It is also an important form of non-verbal communication that allows others to know we agree that something is funny. In this way, laughter strengthens social bonds because when we laugh we lower our guard and do not perceive the other person as a potential threat. Some have proposed that the positive emotions associated with laughter help us learn new things from others and promote cooperation. But what are the mechanisms behind all of this? How does laughter make us feel good? Robin Dunbar from the University of Oxford and his team of collaborators proposed that endorphins might be responsible for many of the beneficial effects of laughter. Endorphins are internally produced opioids that have an important role in social bonding in primates, as well as having an analgesic effect. Dunbar and his colleagues proposed that the physical action of laughing induces the release of these endorphins, just as any form of physical exercise does, causing the positive feelings we are all familiar with.
Because of the analgesic effect of endorphins, it is common practice for scientists to use pain thresholds to assess individual endorphin levels. Using this technique, Dunbar and his colleagues performed a series of experiments in which they evaluated the effect of laughter on endorphin release. During some of the experiments, volunteers were tested in groups whereas other experiments were performed on individuals. The participants were shown either funny videos, such as ‘America’s Funniest Home Videos’ or other comedy shows, or videos with neutral emotional content, such as a documentary. To rule out any effects that positive feelings alone might have on their endorphin levels, the scientists also showed a group of participants non-humorous ‘feel-good’ videos of beautiful scenery. The researchers recorded the participants’ laughter throughout the experiments and tested each participant’s pain tolerance before and after they had watched the videos. They did this either by touching a frozen wine cooler sleeve to a participant’s skin and measuring the time at which they could not tolerate it anymore or, in a separate set of experiments, by inflating a pressure cuff around the participant’s arm until they could no longer stand the pain (ouch!).
Not surprisingly, the people who watched the comedy videos spent much more time laughing than those who saw the documentaries or the videos of nice scenery. Furthermore, those who watched the funny videos in a group laughed much more than those who watched the same videos alone. More interestingly, the participants increased their pain tolerance in a laughter dose-dependent fashion: the more they laughed, the more their pain threshold increased.
The team proposes that the physical exertion of sustained laughter triggers the release of endorphins, in a way similar to other types of exercise. Because humans, in contrast to other laughing apes, are capable of sustaining laughter for several minutes, the opioid effects of a good chuckle might be particularly enhanced in our species, increasing not only our pain thresholds but also strengthening social bonds and promoting collaboration and altruistic behaviour. So it seems that laughter really is the best medicine after all!
......................................................................
The diagram above displays how important the shape of molecules is. Molecules within organisms only attach to molecules if they have the right structure. The portion of endorphin molecules that attach to the brain cell is very similar to a portion of the morphine molecule. These similarities in structure allow morphine molecules to attach the brain and have similar effects on the brain to that of an endorphin. This makes morphine very useful in prescribing for people that aren’t producing enough endorphins in times of stress.
...............................................................
وبس...أكتفي ..طبعا باقي ثلاث صفحات ..بس اكتفي انكم تترجمون لي هذا...الله يخليكم انتوا اخر امل لي ..سااااااااااعدوووووني...:icon36:
