و الله حبيبتي انا اسويها بالانجليزي
بس فيه موقع رائع فيه كل شي بالنسبه للبحوث أو مواضيع
و هذا هو و ان شاء الله يفيدك
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9
أخطاء الأطباء
Causes of Medical Mistakes
When a medical mistake happens to a patient, the question is always why did it happen. In many cases, the issue is not one of negligence by a doctor or other medical practitioner, but rather a systemic issue. On the other hand, there are many cases of malpractice brought against medical practitioners, alleging various levels of failings. In any case, let us attempt to categorized some of the possible causes of medical mistakes or errors.
Fundamental difficulties in medical care: Providing health care is a difficult undertaking and it is inevitable for some level of mistakes to occur.
Inherent difficulty in balancing the need to double-check to avoid diagnosis errors with the need to avoid over-testing.
Inherent impossibility of doctors, and even specialists, of staying up-to-date for every condition they face in their work.
Inherent impossibility of doctors to give totally accurate medical care when only a brief time is available for appointments for each patient.
General medical industry system problems: The medical industry overall contributes to higher than necessary rates of medical mistakes. Although some errors are unavoidable, the industry could do much better.
Under-funded medical care
Inefficiency leading to poorly used funds
Over-busy doctors and other medical staff
Over-tired doctors from excessive time schedules
Slow adoption of new technologies
Failure to report medical errors for fear of lawsuits, making errors hard to monitor and correct.
Unnecessary medical tests to double and triple-check, from fear of lawsuits
Individual doctor mistakes: Your doctor can obviously make a mistake in various ways.
Simple human mistakes: everyone makes them, even the best doctors.
Doctors who are drunk or on illicit drugs
Poor handwriting: can lead to errors in filling prescriptions or wrong hospital medications or tests.
Poor dosage instructions: difficult to read numbers, such as zeroes and decimal points, can lead to wrong dosages.
Patient mistakes: The patient can contribute to an error occurring in their health care. Patients should view achieving good medical care as something over which they have partial control.
Failure to report symptoms: some patients do not tell the doctor about all their symptoms for various reasons (embarrassment, thinking it will be irrelevant, the doctor didn't specifically ask about it, etc.).
Delay in reporting symptoms: this is a very common human tendency, a form of denial that something is wrong.
Failure to report other medications they are on, either prescription or over-the-counter medications.
Failure to report other alternative medicines they are taking
Non-compliance with treatment plan or medications: over-looked medications, financial troubles, laziness, etc.
Dishonesty of patients: certain hypochondriac and factitious syndromes, desire to obtain restricted drugs, malingering, insurance fraud, getting time off work, etc.
Fear of legal issues: e.g. failure to admit to taking illicit drugs
Fear of social issues: e.g. failure to admit to lifestyle or social habits.
Fear of doctor's scolding: e.g. failure to admit to not following treatments.
Patient pressure: the tendency to push the doctor for certain treatments, such as antibiotics, sleeping pills, or behavioral drugs, even when they may not be in the best interests of health. This creates a conflict between the doctor's desire to give correct medical care and keeping the patient happy.
Failure to read medication labels and instructions fully
Pharmacist mistakes: The dispensing of medications at the pharmacy can be the source of various mistakes.
Wrong medication dispensed
Similarly labeled or packaged medications wrongly given.
Similarly named medications confused (by doctor or pharmacist)
Wrong dosage dispensed
Failure to communicate instructions on taking medication
Pathology laboratory mistakes: The various laboratory tests used for diagnosis (and sometimes treatment planning) can have several types of errors:
Errors in labeling samples: mix-ups in patient samples
Cross-contamination during testing
Inherent known risks in various tests (false positives, false negatives)
Limitations of certain tests for certain patients
Human error in examinating visual slides (e.g. cell biopsy, Pap smears)
Pharmaceutical industry mistakes: The drug industry has contributed to certain medical mistakes such as:
Naming similarities in medication brand names
Inadequate safety testing of some drugs leading to drug withdrawal
Hospital mistakes: The hospital is a large institution that can make numerous types of mistakes.
Nosocomial infections: these are infections that are caught during a hospital stay, either from the environment or from surgery or other treatments.
Surgical mistakes
Errors in transferring and re-labeling medicines into smaller containers
Medication errors: wrong medication, wrong dosage, etc.
Surgical mistakes: Any type of surgical procedure has various risks and there are certain errors that can occur.
Wrong patient surgery
Wrong site surgery: e.g. surgery on the wrong organ.
Failure to suspend other medications before/during/after surgery: e.g. deaths from lactic acidosis due to Metformin usage in surgical recovery.
المشاهير وهوس المعجبون
Celebrity Worship Syndrome is a newly identified psychological condition. A CWS sufferer is a person that is obsessed with a person in the public eye i.e. a celebrity. The condition is sometimes referred to as "Celebrity Obsession Syndrome" or "Mad Icon Disease
Objects of affection
Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and popstars, others have unlikely icons such as politicians or authors. The only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye i.e. celebrities.
However, some reasons recur.
Intense-personal
The intense-personal aspect of celebrity worship reflects intensive and compulsive feelings about the celebrity, akin to the obsessional tendencies of fans often referred to in the literature; for example “I share with my favorite celebrity a special bond that cannot be described in words” and “When something bad happens to my favorite celebrity I feel like it happened to me’”.
[ Borderline-pathological
This dimension is typified by uncontrollable behaviors and fantasies regarding scenarios involving their celebrities, such as “I have frequent thoughts about my favorite celebrity, even when I don’t want to” and “my favorite celebrity would immediately come to my rescue if I needed help”.
Causes of Medical Mistakes
When a medical mistake happens to a patient, the question is always why did it happen. In many cases, the issue is not one of negligence by a doctor or other medical practitioner, but rather a systemic issue. On the other hand, there are many cases of malpractice brought against medical practitioners, alleging various levels of failings. In any case, let us attempt to categorized some of the possible causes of medical mistakes or errors.
Fundamental difficulties in medical care: Providing health care is a difficult undertaking and it is inevitable for some level of mistakes to occur.
Inherent difficulty in balancing the need to double-check to avoid diagnosis errors with the need to avoid over-testing.
Inherent impossibility of doctors, and even specialists, of staying up-to-date for every condition they face in their work.
Inherent impossibility of doctors to give totally accurate medical care when only a brief time is available for appointments for each patient.
General medical industry system problems: The medical industry overall contributes to higher than necessary rates of medical mistakes. Although some errors are unavoidable, the industry could do much better.
Under-funded medical care
Inefficiency leading to poorly used funds
Over-busy doctors and other medical staff
Over-tired doctors from excessive time schedules
Slow adoption of new technologies
Failure to report medical errors for fear of lawsuits, making errors hard to monitor and correct.
Unnecessary medical tests to double and triple-check, from fear of lawsuits
Individual doctor mistakes: Your doctor can obviously make a mistake in various ways.
Simple human mistakes: everyone makes them, even the best doctors.
Doctors who are drunk or on illicit drugs
Poor handwriting: can lead to errors in filling prescriptions or wrong hospital medications or tests.
Poor dosage instructions: difficult to read numbers, such as zeroes and decimal points, can lead to wrong dosages.
Patient mistakes: The patient can contribute to an error occurring in their health care. Patients should view achieving good medical care as something over which they have partial control.
Failure to report symptoms: some patients do not tell the doctor about all their symptoms for various reasons (embarrassment, thinking it will be irrelevant, the doctor didn't specifically ask about it, etc.).
Delay in reporting symptoms: this is a very common human tendency, a form of denial that something is wrong.
Failure to report other medications they are on, either prescription or over-the-counter medications.
Failure to report other alternative medicines they are taking
Non-compliance with treatment plan or medications: over-looked medications, financial troubles, laziness, etc.
Dishonesty of patients: certain hypochondriac and factitious syndromes, desire to obtain restricted drugs, malingering, insurance fraud, getting time off work, etc.
Fear of legal issues: e.g. failure to admit to taking illicit drugs
Fear of social issues: e.g. failure to admit to lifestyle or social habits.
Fear of doctor's scolding: e.g. failure to admit to not following treatments.
Patient pressure: the tendency to push the doctor for certain treatments, such as antibiotics, sleeping pills, or behavioral drugs, even when they may not be in the best interests of health. This creates a conflict between the doctor's desire to give correct medical care and keeping the patient happy.
Failure to read medication labels and instructions fully
Pharmacist mistakes: The dispensing of medications at the pharmacy can be the source of various mistakes.
Wrong medication dispensed
Similarly labeled or packaged medications wrongly given.
Similarly named medications confused (by doctor or pharmacist)
Wrong dosage dispensed
Failure to communicate instructions on taking medication
Pathology laboratory mistakes: The various laboratory tests used for diagnosis (and sometimes treatment planning) can have several types of errors:
Errors in labeling samples: mix-ups in patient samples
Cross-contamination during testing
Inherent known risks in various tests (false positives, false negatives)
Limitations of certain tests for certain patients
Human error in examinating visual slides (e.g. cell biopsy, Pap smears)
Pharmaceutical industry mistakes: The drug industry has contributed to certain medical mistakes such as:
Naming similarities in medication brand names
Inadequate safety testing of some drugs leading to drug withdrawal
Hospital mistakes: The hospital is a large institution that can make numerous types of mistakes.
Nosocomial infections: these are infections that are caught during a hospital stay, either from the environment or from surgery or other treatments.
Surgical mistakes
Errors in transferring and re-labeling medicines into smaller containers
Medication errors: wrong medication, wrong dosage, etc.
Surgical mistakes: Any type of surgical procedure has various risks and there are certain errors that can occur.
Wrong patient surgery
Wrong site surgery: e.g. surgery on the wrong organ.
Failure to suspend other medications before/during/after surgery: e.g. deaths from lactic acidosis due to Metformin usage in surgical recovery.
المشاهير وهوس المعجبون
Celebrity Worship Syndrome is a newly identified psychological condition. A CWS sufferer is a person that is obsessed with a person in the public eye i.e. a celebrity. The condition is sometimes referred to as "Celebrity Obsession Syndrome" or "Mad Icon Disease
Objects of affection
Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and popstars, others have unlikely icons such as politicians or authors. The only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye i.e. celebrities.
However, some reasons recur.
Intense-personal
The intense-personal aspect of celebrity worship reflects intensive and compulsive feelings about the celebrity, akin to the obsessional tendencies of fans often referred to in the literature; for example “I share with my favorite celebrity a special bond that cannot be described in words” and “When something bad happens to my favorite celebrity I feel like it happened to me’”.
[ Borderline-pathological
This dimension is typified by uncontrollable behaviors and fantasies regarding scenarios involving their celebrities, such as “I have frequent thoughts about my favorite celebrity, even when I don’t want to” and “my favorite celebrity would immediately come to my rescue if I needed help”.
الصفحة الأخيرة
جزاك ِ الله خير ..
تسوين بحوث عربي ولا كلا English ??
:26: