ساعدوني إختباري السبت

السلام عليكم

إختباري الفاينل يوم السبت في تاريخ الأدب والاستاذه راح تجيب لنا سؤال مقالي عليه 30 درجه

خيرتنا نتكلم عن الـ ppetry , prose , novel ,drama
from old literature until modern literature



طبعا أنا أخترت الـ prose لأني لقيت عنه معلومات كثير في كل العصور بس ماعرفت ارتبه على شكل مقال


ولاعرفت اكتب مقدمة وخاتمه الله يخليكم ساعدوني عليه 30 درجه وودي أضمنها




the seventh century

The prose in the seventh century which is called old English prose came later than old English verse. At that time there was some early prose. The oldest Laws were written at the beginning. These Laws were not literature, and better sentences were written towards the end of the seventh century. The most interesting prose at that time was the anglo saxon chronicle which is written by king Alfred. Which is talk about the early century of that time. King Alfred translated a number of Latin books into old English. So that his people could read them. He brought back learning to England and improved the education of his people.






Middle :
The middle English prose start from about 1100 to about 1500. The prose at that talk about religious. A good example , the form of perfect living , was written by Richard .which teaches people how to live according to religion .his prose style has been highly praised, and his **** is important in the history of our prose.



Elizabethan :

The Elizabethan age started from 1558 to 1603. The prose at that age took many very different forms . The translation of Plutarch's lives of the noble Grecians and romans written by sir Thomas north . His **** had wide influence on Elizabethan prose. It was used by Shakespeare as a storehouse of learning. North was one of the best translators. He didn’t translate directly from the Greek, but from a French translation.
The Elizabethan prose was known by the great travel stories. The principal navigations , voyages , and discoveries of the English nation. At this time there was a great deal of travel and adventure on the sea.
A Kind of novel began in the Elizabethan age. John Lyly wrote the first kind of novel which is called Euphues. This novel has a thin love story. the style are is filled with tricks and alliteration; the sentence are long and complicated large number of similes are brought in.
One of the most important writers on the Elizabethan age is francis bacon is important. His essays still till popular now. He known by many things like different issues .They first appeared in 1597 and then with addition in 1612 and 1625. The sentences in the earlier essays are short, sharp and effective. The style of the later essays is rather more flowing. Some of the best-known sayings in English come from bacon's books. And especially from the Essay. For example of his ****, why should I be angry with a man for loving himself better than ? other book by bacon which is talk about historical figures I called a history of henry vii . Also, he known by advancing knowledge like his **** the advancement of learning



Restoration :
When Charles ii became king in 1660, there are a lot of changes in English literature and government. The prose of the Restoration time has many different subjects. Some of the writers write about their diary and some of them write about their travels in Europe. John Dryden and John Bunyan are good writers at that time. Dryden's prose is important more than anyone else at this time . His writing is clear , reasonable and balanced. In addition to this he was a better critic than most poet. In the essay he mentioned the limitations which the French set themselves by keeping to the unities of time and place. John Bunyan is other writer. He known by his clear, simple expression, especially in his **** The Holy War. His style is influenced by the Bible and translation .


the eighteenth century
In the eighteenth century prose, we see strange plots and ideas of heroic tragedy and turned to reasonable thing which is based in real life. Also, there are many exaggerated of heroes and beautiful women in the novel. There are some Feminist novels which talks about woman at home or at ****. There are many themes in the prose of the 18th century. The first theme is about adventure and travel sea stories .Daniel defoe is a great writer at the 18th century. he describes the danger diseases in London at that time . Add to this, he wrote many famous novels such as robinson crusoe. The story of robinson crousoe is based on a real event. Which talk about adventure and travel sea stories.




Prose. Until modern times, prose developed on the periphery of verbal art, giving form to the mixed, semiartistic phenomena of literature, including historical chronicles, philosophical dialogues, memoirs, sermons, and religious ****s, as well as to the “low” genres, such as farces, mimes, and other types of satire.
Prose, which began to develop during the Renaissance, differs fundamentally from all previous literary phenomena that were more or less excluded from poetry. Modern prose, whose origins can be traced to the Italian Renaissance short story and the ****s of Cervantes, Defoe, and the Abbé Prévost, is consciously limited and separated from verse as an intrinsically valuable, independent form of verbal art. It is essential to point out that modern prose is a written (or more precisely, a printed) phenomenon, unlike earlier forms of prose, which were in a class with poetry because they originated in oral communication and because they supposedly had to be recited.
The study of the character of literary prose, which originated in the 19th century and became fully developed in the 20th, covers a great deal that is problematic, including prose rhythm, which is undoubtedly characterized by a higher degree of organization than the rhythm of ordinary speech. In recent decades, research has shown that prose rhythm lacks fixed quantitative characteristics but has definite qualitative features. Although it speeds up or slows down, depending on the movement of the narrative, the rhythm of prose follows a definite tempo.
Scholars have discovered several fundamental principles that distinguish the prose word from the poetic. Compared to the poetic word, the prose word is fundamentally descriptive. It draws less attention to itself than does the poetic word. In poetry, especially lyric poetry, it is impossible to separate the content from the words. More precisely, the word in prose places a plot directly before the reader—that is, it presents the entire sequence of the various actions and movements from which the characters and artistic world of a novel or novella are created.
Prose, like poetry, transforms real objects and creates its own artistic world, but it does this primarily by means of a special juxtaposition of objects and actions. Prose acts as a transparent narrative fabric. In prose, the word strives not for multiple meanings but for individualized specificity of intended meaning.
: It is equally important that in prose the word itself becomes an object of depiction: in principle, it is “alien,” it does not coincide with the author’s personal word. In poetry, which is primarily monologic, the author’s word coincides with that of a personage who represents the author. By contrast, prose is completely dialogic—that is, it absorbs heterogeneous, incompatible “voices.” (This topic is discussed by M. M. Bakhtin in his book, Problemy poetiki Dostoevskogo .) In literary prose the complex interaction between the voices of the author, the narrator, and the characters often endows the word with a “multidirectedness” and polysemy—qualities that differ from the multiple significance of the poetic word.
The cardinal points in the scholarly theory of prose are the rhythm of prose, its specific descriptive character, and the liberation of artistic energy as a result of the clash of different speech levels (voices).
There are a number of literary forms that are intermediate between poetry and prose, including the “prose poem,” which is similar to lyric poetry in stylistic, thematic, and compositional features but not in meter. Prose poems were favored by C. Baudelaire and I. S. Turgenev. Other intermediate forms include free verse and rhythmic prose, which are similar to verse precisely because of their metrical features