العيون الناعمه @alaayon_alnaaamh
عضوة جديدة
عاجل جدا للمتخصصين
بنات الله يحفظكم اختي طالبه منها الدكتورة مشكلة من مشاكل اللغة مثل الاستماع او التحدث او التلفظ يعني تكتب المشكلة بعدين تكتب عنها الباك قراوند اللي هي خلفية عن الموضوع مجرد خمس اسطر بعدين تكتب اسئلة حول هذه المشكلة اسم المادة اساسيات البحث اللغوي بسرعة الله يحفظكم .
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يلزم عليك تسجيل الدخول أولًا لكتابة تعليق.
خيتو فشل معايا رفع و تحميل الدكومنت رغم اني قسمتو ل 5 اقسام؟؟ ع العموم تقدر اختك تستشهد باستخدام الكلمة من اي دكشنري مفصل و قاموس لغوي مفصل حتلاقي دي الاستخدامات. بس عن تغيير بيئة الكلمة اللغوية مثل قبلة الخمر و قبلة القمار ما تقدر تلاقيها الا في نصوص مكتوبة بس تقدر تدور في النت بالانجليزي و تطبعها ليها كدليل و تدور اكتر من نص عادة يطلب منك اكتر من 25 نص. بالتوفيق باشوف مشكلة الملف المرفق ايه لو تعدلت معايا ححاول ارفعها مرا تانية و سي يو.
شوفي خيتو عيا ينرفع معايا الدكومنت بلشة؟؟ فانا نسخت بعض من البحث الاشياء الي اعتقد انها مهمة و نسختها هنا اوكي يالا سلام
شوفي خيتو عيا ينرفع معايا الدكومنت بلشة؟؟ فانا نسخت بعض من البحث الاشياء الي اعتقد انها مهمة و نسختها هنا اوكي يالا سلامشوفي خيتو عيا ينرفع معايا الدكومنت بلشة؟؟ فانا نسخت بعض من البحث الاشياء الي اعتقد انها مهمة و...
1. INTRODUCTION
This work is based on a corpus-based study to investigate the historical etymology, the lexical and the semantic origin of the Islamic holy city’s name Makkah (Mecca) in the English language by analysing the word class, its habitual environment as well as its cultural variations.
In fact, Makkah across the centuries has represented for Muslims the place they dream to visit at least once in their life. Its name is associated with devotion, purity and spirituality in the Arabic and Islamic culture. In contrast, the city’s name started to be used in a metaphoric way that may be offensive for most Muslims. In English the name began to be associated with commercial and advertising contexts, and it is thus in contrast to its original concept and symbolism.
Despite the standard transliteration of the word according to the two forms (Makah, Mecca), a specific questionnaire survey has been used to investigate the more recognisable form of the same concept (the holy city) (see appendix C). It was undertaken with western English speakers belonging to different cultures in the translation studies programme at DCU. The same tool was used with English speakers from Arabic and Islamic cultures.
It appears that all of the western participants who took part in the questionnaire recognised the old form of the holy city (Mecca). Some of them commented that they have never seen the other form (Makkah), which they think is newly invented. In contrast, all of the Arab and Muslim participants recognise the other form as the standard one. They comment that they are familiar with both of the forms but the standard form is appearing more in Islamic and Arabic books and writing.
For a discussion of this topic, there will be a short background of the etymology of the word Makkah (Mecca) in English and the standard transliteration as well as the use of the concept in the literature review. For more objective and accurate results, a methodology has been followed which uses Sara client to access the British National Corpus (BNC) and WordSmith Tools to access our comparable corpus (Makkah corpus). In addition, the results that include the concordances and collocations of the search string have been analysed in the discussion. Appendixes A, B and C present the complete tables of concordances, collocations and the questionnaire survey of the search string.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.2 Transliteration of the word
The writing of Arabic words in English texts presents a number of difficulties, even for those who are familiar with both languages. This problem is getting worse in the age of electronic text and search engines. Most of the old transliterated writings from Arabic were full of inconsistencies with regard to the spelling of proper names (Whitaker 2002).
Whitaker (2002) describes the approach that was used by early European travellers and orientalists in the Middle East such as TE Lawrence of Arabia. They took Arabic words as they are pronounced and wrote down approximately similar sounds in the Roman alphabet. The results were, in some cases, unrecognisable.
Inexact spelling such as ‘Mecca’ and ‘Koran’ entered the English language a long time ago and have become so entrenched that they are now difficult to eradicate (ibid.). A current search (ibid.) with Google indicates that ‘Mecca’ is used six times more often than ‘Makkah’, the more accurate spelling that Muslims generally prefer.
Despite the misused system in transliteration of most of the Arabic names, there is no need for E or O in an Arab name, since Arabic has only three necessary short vowels: A, I and U. As a result, these erroneous spelling have become more familiar to non-Arabic speakers than the accurate ones. In spite of the continuous attempts to set different standard transliteration systems, none of them use the correct transliteration as the reader will find ‘Mecca’ rather than ‘Makkah’.
2.2 Etymology of the concept
As Arabic native speakers, going back to etymology of the word ‘Makkah’ in different English language dictionaries (Onelook Dictionary Search 1996 and Etymology Online Dictionary 2001) indicate that the word entered to the English language in 1823 to refer to the name of the holy city with capital M ‘Mecca’. In 1850 it was adapted (usually with lower-case m) to refer to a place where people or groups are gathering.
However, searching the form Mecca in (Ultralingua.Net 1997-2005) gave two additional meanings of the word besides the definition of the holy city’s name: a town in Indiana (USA), and unincorporated community in California (USA). There was another form that could be singular or plural with a lower case m ‘mecca, meccas’ refers to a place that attracts people to visit or to gather. It is also used occasionaly as a surname (Onelook Dictionary 1996).
Bayat (1999) agrees that most of Western media, authors and businesses misused the holy city name in the old form as in ‘Motor-Mecca, Mecca Bingo’, etc. Abu Atiyyah mentions that the British Rank Corporation, which owns a group of gambling and entertainment shops under the name of ‘Mecca’, removed the name from its shop fronts as a result of protests from British Muslims.
The form Mecca now refers to more than just a geographical location, and it is used to describe any centre of activity sought by a group of people with a common interest. Many Muslims find these out-of context uses offensive. In an effort to distinguish between the metaphorical and official references to the holy site, the government of Saudi Arabia in the 1980s changed officially the transliteration of the city's name from Mecca, as it had been known to Westerners for centuries, to Makkah (ibid.).
Stubbs (2001 p172) indicates that speakers of language often complain that words are wrongly used. The word used to mean something different, and they believe that this earlier meaning is the proper meaning. He comments that languages change and that the words changing over time is a natural process. However, the cultural restrictions in Islamic and Arabic culture do not accept the form to be used in a new negative meaning. It is these kinds of selectional restrictions in this culture ‘that describe the use of this form in English as ill-formed on the basis of a mismatch between values for semantic attributes said to be shared by the words concerned, attributes, which are arrived at intuitively by the linguist’ (Kenny 2001 p 82).
According to a Google search, the form ‘Mecca’ is usually much more common than the other official form ‘Makkah’ in English. Stubbs (1996 p172) indicates that different word form can have quite different collocates. The tendency of form (Makkah) is to co-occur with certain words while the form ‘Mecca’ started to co-occur in negative semantic prosody such as in ‘Mecca Bingo’ (ibid.173).
The importance of Makkah for Muslims is inestimable. All Muslims across the world pray five times a day in the direction of the Kaba in Makkah. The direction of prayer is known as qibla (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2005). So, it is now known that the more specific concept here is qibla which means the place towards which you face, as a Muslim, five times a day. In later stages, Westerners adapted (reused) the term ‘Mecca’ in a metaphoric way to refer to a certain famous place, in certain time aimed by certain group, rather than adapting the accurate term of the concept, which is ‘qibla’.
Qibla in Arabic is closer to the English word cynosure (Cynosure) in its metaphoric meaning rather than Mecca. For example, in Arabic we would say: Baghdad was the qibla for translators rather than Bagdad is the mecca for translators. In the case of translating the sentence from Arabic into English the target sentence would be: Baghdad is the cynosure for translators.
Such linguistic phenomenon is an interesting evidence that English as an international language varies from one culture to another. Yet, what is more interesting is how the same concept is used differently in other cultures such as in the case of Makkah, Mecca, mecca.
In fact, corpora that are used to study linguistic variation in regional dialects began in the 19th century (Kennedy 1998 p15). Most work then was on lexical variation in the choice of words for particular concepts and possible variant forms of particular words, both in spelling and pronunciation. There were special dictionaries that were specialised in lexical variation in dialects of the United Kingdom (ibid.).
This work is based on a corpus-based study to investigate the historical etymology, the lexical and the semantic origin of the Islamic holy city’s name Makkah (Mecca) in the English language by analysing the word class, its habitual environment as well as its cultural variations.
In fact, Makkah across the centuries has represented for Muslims the place they dream to visit at least once in their life. Its name is associated with devotion, purity and spirituality in the Arabic and Islamic culture. In contrast, the city’s name started to be used in a metaphoric way that may be offensive for most Muslims. In English the name began to be associated with commercial and advertising contexts, and it is thus in contrast to its original concept and symbolism.
Despite the standard transliteration of the word according to the two forms (Makah, Mecca), a specific questionnaire survey has been used to investigate the more recognisable form of the same concept (the holy city) (see appendix C). It was undertaken with western English speakers belonging to different cultures in the translation studies programme at DCU. The same tool was used with English speakers from Arabic and Islamic cultures.
It appears that all of the western participants who took part in the questionnaire recognised the old form of the holy city (Mecca). Some of them commented that they have never seen the other form (Makkah), which they think is newly invented. In contrast, all of the Arab and Muslim participants recognise the other form as the standard one. They comment that they are familiar with both of the forms but the standard form is appearing more in Islamic and Arabic books and writing.
For a discussion of this topic, there will be a short background of the etymology of the word Makkah (Mecca) in English and the standard transliteration as well as the use of the concept in the literature review. For more objective and accurate results, a methodology has been followed which uses Sara client to access the British National Corpus (BNC) and WordSmith Tools to access our comparable corpus (Makkah corpus). In addition, the results that include the concordances and collocations of the search string have been analysed in the discussion. Appendixes A, B and C present the complete tables of concordances, collocations and the questionnaire survey of the search string.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
1.2 Transliteration of the word
The writing of Arabic words in English texts presents a number of difficulties, even for those who are familiar with both languages. This problem is getting worse in the age of electronic text and search engines. Most of the old transliterated writings from Arabic were full of inconsistencies with regard to the spelling of proper names (Whitaker 2002).
Whitaker (2002) describes the approach that was used by early European travellers and orientalists in the Middle East such as TE Lawrence of Arabia. They took Arabic words as they are pronounced and wrote down approximately similar sounds in the Roman alphabet. The results were, in some cases, unrecognisable.
Inexact spelling such as ‘Mecca’ and ‘Koran’ entered the English language a long time ago and have become so entrenched that they are now difficult to eradicate (ibid.). A current search (ibid.) with Google indicates that ‘Mecca’ is used six times more often than ‘Makkah’, the more accurate spelling that Muslims generally prefer.
Despite the misused system in transliteration of most of the Arabic names, there is no need for E or O in an Arab name, since Arabic has only three necessary short vowels: A, I and U. As a result, these erroneous spelling have become more familiar to non-Arabic speakers than the accurate ones. In spite of the continuous attempts to set different standard transliteration systems, none of them use the correct transliteration as the reader will find ‘Mecca’ rather than ‘Makkah’.
2.2 Etymology of the concept
As Arabic native speakers, going back to etymology of the word ‘Makkah’ in different English language dictionaries (Onelook Dictionary Search 1996 and Etymology Online Dictionary 2001) indicate that the word entered to the English language in 1823 to refer to the name of the holy city with capital M ‘Mecca’. In 1850 it was adapted (usually with lower-case m) to refer to a place where people or groups are gathering.
However, searching the form Mecca in (Ultralingua.Net 1997-2005) gave two additional meanings of the word besides the definition of the holy city’s name: a town in Indiana (USA), and unincorporated community in California (USA). There was another form that could be singular or plural with a lower case m ‘mecca, meccas’ refers to a place that attracts people to visit or to gather. It is also used occasionaly as a surname (Onelook Dictionary 1996).
Bayat (1999) agrees that most of Western media, authors and businesses misused the holy city name in the old form as in ‘Motor-Mecca, Mecca Bingo’, etc. Abu Atiyyah mentions that the British Rank Corporation, which owns a group of gambling and entertainment shops under the name of ‘Mecca’, removed the name from its shop fronts as a result of protests from British Muslims.
The form Mecca now refers to more than just a geographical location, and it is used to describe any centre of activity sought by a group of people with a common interest. Many Muslims find these out-of context uses offensive. In an effort to distinguish between the metaphorical and official references to the holy site, the government of Saudi Arabia in the 1980s changed officially the transliteration of the city's name from Mecca, as it had been known to Westerners for centuries, to Makkah (ibid.).
Stubbs (2001 p172) indicates that speakers of language often complain that words are wrongly used. The word used to mean something different, and they believe that this earlier meaning is the proper meaning. He comments that languages change and that the words changing over time is a natural process. However, the cultural restrictions in Islamic and Arabic culture do not accept the form to be used in a new negative meaning. It is these kinds of selectional restrictions in this culture ‘that describe the use of this form in English as ill-formed on the basis of a mismatch between values for semantic attributes said to be shared by the words concerned, attributes, which are arrived at intuitively by the linguist’ (Kenny 2001 p 82).
According to a Google search, the form ‘Mecca’ is usually much more common than the other official form ‘Makkah’ in English. Stubbs (1996 p172) indicates that different word form can have quite different collocates. The tendency of form (Makkah) is to co-occur with certain words while the form ‘Mecca’ started to co-occur in negative semantic prosody such as in ‘Mecca Bingo’ (ibid.173).
The importance of Makkah for Muslims is inestimable. All Muslims across the world pray five times a day in the direction of the Kaba in Makkah. The direction of prayer is known as qibla (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2005). So, it is now known that the more specific concept here is qibla which means the place towards which you face, as a Muslim, five times a day. In later stages, Westerners adapted (reused) the term ‘Mecca’ in a metaphoric way to refer to a certain famous place, in certain time aimed by certain group, rather than adapting the accurate term of the concept, which is ‘qibla’.
Qibla in Arabic is closer to the English word cynosure (Cynosure) in its metaphoric meaning rather than Mecca. For example, in Arabic we would say: Baghdad was the qibla for translators rather than Bagdad is the mecca for translators. In the case of translating the sentence from Arabic into English the target sentence would be: Baghdad is the cynosure for translators.
Such linguistic phenomenon is an interesting evidence that English as an international language varies from one culture to another. Yet, what is more interesting is how the same concept is used differently in other cultures such as in the case of Makkah, Mecca, mecca.
In fact, corpora that are used to study linguistic variation in regional dialects began in the 19th century (Kennedy 1998 p15). Most work then was on lexical variation in the choice of words for particular concepts and possible variant forms of particular words, both in spelling and pronunciation. There were special dictionaries that were specialised in lexical variation in dialects of the United Kingdom (ibid.).
1. INTRODUCTION This work is based on a corpus-based study to investigate the historical etymology, the lexical and the semantic origin of the Islamic holy city’s name Makkah (Mecca) in the English language by analysing the word class, its habitual environment as well as its cultural variations. In fact, Makkah across the centuries has represented for Muslims the place they dream to visit at least once in their life. Its name is associated with devotion, purity and spirituality in the Arabic and Islamic culture. In contrast, the city’s name started to be used in a metaphoric way that may be offensive for most Muslims. In English the name began to be associated with commercial and advertising contexts, and it is thus in contrast to its original concept and symbolism. Despite the standard transliteration of the word according to the two forms (Makah, Mecca), a specific questionnaire survey has been used to investigate the more recognisable form of the same concept (the holy city) (see appendix C). It was undertaken with western English speakers belonging to different cultures in the translation studies programme at DCU. The same tool was used with English speakers from Arabic and Islamic cultures. It appears that all of the western participants who took part in the questionnaire recognised the old form of the holy city (Mecca). Some of them commented that they have never seen the other form (Makkah), which they think is newly invented. In contrast, all of the Arab and Muslim participants recognise the other form as the standard one. They comment that they are familiar with both of the forms but the standard form is appearing more in Islamic and Arabic books and writing. For a discussion of this topic, there will be a short background of the etymology of the word Makkah (Mecca) in English and the standard transliteration as well as the use of the concept in the literature review. For more objective and accurate results, a methodology has been followed which uses Sara client to access the British National Corpus (BNC) and WordSmith Tools to access our comparable corpus (Makkah corpus). In addition, the results that include the concordances and collocations of the search string have been analysed in the discussion. Appendixes A, B and C present the complete tables of concordances, collocations and the questionnaire survey of the search string. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2 Transliteration of the word The writing of Arabic words in English texts presents a number of difficulties, even for those who are familiar with both languages. This problem is getting worse in the age of electronic text and search engines. Most of the old transliterated writings from Arabic were full of inconsistencies with regard to the spelling of proper names (Whitaker 2002). Whitaker (2002) describes the approach that was used by early European travellers and orientalists in the Middle East such as TE Lawrence of Arabia. They took Arabic words as they are pronounced and wrote down approximately similar sounds in the Roman alphabet. The results were, in some cases, unrecognisable. Inexact spelling such as ‘Mecca’ and ‘Koran’ entered the English language a long time ago and have become so entrenched that they are now difficult to eradicate (ibid.). A current search (ibid.) with Google indicates that ‘Mecca’ is used six times more often than ‘Makkah’, the more accurate spelling that Muslims generally prefer. Despite the misused system in transliteration of most of the Arabic names, there is no need for E or O in an Arab name, since Arabic has only three necessary short vowels: A, I and U. As a result, these erroneous spelling have become more familiar to non-Arabic speakers than the accurate ones. In spite of the continuous attempts to set different standard transliteration systems, none of them use the correct transliteration as the reader will find ‘Mecca’ rather than ‘Makkah’. 2.2 Etymology of the concept As Arabic native speakers, going back to etymology of the word ‘Makkah’ in different English language dictionaries (Onelook Dictionary Search 1996 and Etymology Online Dictionary 2001) indicate that the word entered to the English language in 1823 to refer to the name of the holy city with capital M ‘Mecca’. In 1850 it was adapted (usually with lower-case m) to refer to a place where people or groups are gathering. However, searching the form Mecca in (Ultralingua.Net 1997-2005) gave two additional meanings of the word besides the definition of the holy city’s name: a town in Indiana (USA), and unincorporated community in California (USA). There was another form that could be singular or plural with a lower case m ‘mecca, meccas’ refers to a place that attracts people to visit or to gather. It is also used occasionaly as a surname (Onelook Dictionary 1996). Bayat (1999) agrees that most of Western media, authors and businesses misused the holy city name in the old form as in ‘Motor-Mecca, Mecca Bingo’, etc. Abu Atiyyah mentions that the British Rank Corporation, which owns a group of gambling and entertainment shops under the name of ‘Mecca’, removed the name from its shop fronts as a result of protests from British Muslims. The form Mecca now refers to more than just a geographical location, and it is used to describe any centre of activity sought by a group of people with a common interest. Many Muslims find these out-of context uses offensive. In an effort to distinguish between the metaphorical and official references to the holy site, the government of Saudi Arabia in the 1980s changed officially the transliteration of the city's name from Mecca, as it had been known to Westerners for centuries, to Makkah (ibid.). Stubbs (2001 p172) indicates that speakers of language often complain that words are wrongly used. The word used to mean something different, and they believe that this earlier meaning is the proper meaning. He comments that languages change and that the words changing over time is a natural process. However, the cultural restrictions in Islamic and Arabic culture do not accept the form to be used in a new negative meaning. It is these kinds of selectional restrictions in this culture ‘that describe the use of this form in English as ill-formed on the basis of a mismatch between values for semantic attributes said to be shared by the words concerned, attributes, which are arrived at intuitively by the linguist’ (Kenny 2001 p 82). According to a Google search, the form ‘Mecca’ is usually much more common than the other official form ‘Makkah’ in English. Stubbs (1996 p172) indicates that different word form can have quite different collocates. The tendency of form (Makkah) is to co-occur with certain words while the form ‘Mecca’ started to co-occur in negative semantic prosody such as in ‘Mecca Bingo’ (ibid.173). The importance of Makkah for Muslims is inestimable. All Muslims across the world pray five times a day in the direction of the Kaba in Makkah. The direction of prayer is known as qibla (Wikipedia Encyclopaedia 2005). So, it is now known that the more specific concept here is qibla which means the place towards which you face, as a Muslim, five times a day. In later stages, Westerners adapted (reused) the term ‘Mecca’ in a metaphoric way to refer to a certain famous place, in certain time aimed by certain group, rather than adapting the accurate term of the concept, which is ‘qibla’. Qibla in Arabic is closer to the English word cynosure (Cynosure) in its metaphoric meaning rather than Mecca. For example, in Arabic we would say: Baghdad was the qibla for translators rather than Bagdad is the mecca for translators. In the case of translating the sentence from Arabic into English the target sentence would be: Baghdad is the cynosure for translators. Such linguistic phenomenon is an interesting evidence that English as an international language varies from one culture to another. Yet, what is more interesting is how the same concept is used differently in other cultures such as in the case of Makkah, Mecca, mecca. In fact, corpora that are used to study linguistic variation in regional dialects began in the 19th century (Kennedy 1998 p15). Most work then was on lexical variation in the choice of words for particular concepts and possible variant forms of particular words, both in spelling and pronunciation. There were special dictionaries that were specialised in lexical variation in dialects of the United Kingdom (ibid.).1. INTRODUCTION This work is based on a corpus-based study to investigate the...
Kennedy (1998 p88-90) mentions that descriptive language studies at the level of the word and above can be categorised according to the level of lexis, morphology, syntax and so forth while semantic studies and comparative studies of variation are undertaken both within and across these levels. He agrees (p11) that analysis makes it easy to study the linguistic phenomena such as derivational morphemes, permissible or likely word sequences or collocations, and instances of particular word classes.
3. DESCRIPTION OF CORPUS IN USE AND METHODOLOGY
The present work is based on a comparative study that includes two kinds of corpora: the BNC corpus alongside our own corpus, which is called Makkah corpus.
The two corpora in general are comparable and monolingual corpora.
3.1 BNC Corpus
In spite of the large number of texts in the BNC, using this corpus alone would not suit the purpose of searching the second form (Makkah) of the first form (Mecca) of the word. Table 1 provides basic information about the BNC corpus (Kenny 2001 p127).
Size 100 million-word corpus
Text types 90% of written texts
10% of spoken texts
Medium Written English
Spoken British English
Publication date Between 1933 and 1960
Table 1 The basic information of BNC corpus
3.2 Makkah Corpus
The second corpus was compiled specifically for this study and consists of 75 texts downloaded from the World Wide Web using Google search engine. The 75 texts are balanced since they include 25 texts for each form of the three forms ‘Makkah, Makkah (Mecca) and Mecca’. For example, there are 25 texts for ‘Makkah’, another 25 texts for ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and the last 25 texts for ‘Mecca’. Table 2 describes its composition.
Size Total of 206,825 words (tokens)
Number of texts 75 texts by different authors
Medium Written electronically (web pages from Google search engine)
Subject (topic) Historical and commercial search about the holy city name ‘Makkah, Mecca, (Makkah Mecca)’
Text level Introductory
Language Texts written in English by native and non-native speakers (Arabs and Muslims)
Publication date Between 1999-2005
Table 2 Description of Makkah corpus
3.3 Methodology
The BNC corpus was accessed by using the Sara client program. Makkah corpus was accessed by using WordSmith Tools. The output is displayed in key word in context (KWIC) format. To generate specific information on most common collocates of Mecca and Makkah, collocates programme in WordSmith Tools is used as well as in Sara client.
The data in both corpora was analysed in relation to the following:
• Concordances for the three nodes: ‘Makkah’, ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and ‘Mecca’
• Collocates of the three nodes: ‘Makkah’, ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and ‘Mecca’
3. DESCRIPTION OF CORPUS IN USE AND METHODOLOGY
The present work is based on a comparative study that includes two kinds of corpora: the BNC corpus alongside our own corpus, which is called Makkah corpus.
The two corpora in general are comparable and monolingual corpora.
3.1 BNC Corpus
In spite of the large number of texts in the BNC, using this corpus alone would not suit the purpose of searching the second form (Makkah) of the first form (Mecca) of the word. Table 1 provides basic information about the BNC corpus (Kenny 2001 p127).
Size 100 million-word corpus
Text types 90% of written texts
10% of spoken texts
Medium Written English
Spoken British English
Publication date Between 1933 and 1960
Table 1 The basic information of BNC corpus
3.2 Makkah Corpus
The second corpus was compiled specifically for this study and consists of 75 texts downloaded from the World Wide Web using Google search engine. The 75 texts are balanced since they include 25 texts for each form of the three forms ‘Makkah, Makkah (Mecca) and Mecca’. For example, there are 25 texts for ‘Makkah’, another 25 texts for ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and the last 25 texts for ‘Mecca’. Table 2 describes its composition.
Size Total of 206,825 words (tokens)
Number of texts 75 texts by different authors
Medium Written electronically (web pages from Google search engine)
Subject (topic) Historical and commercial search about the holy city name ‘Makkah, Mecca, (Makkah Mecca)’
Text level Introductory
Language Texts written in English by native and non-native speakers (Arabs and Muslims)
Publication date Between 1999-2005
Table 2 Description of Makkah corpus
3.3 Methodology
The BNC corpus was accessed by using the Sara client program. Makkah corpus was accessed by using WordSmith Tools. The output is displayed in key word in context (KWIC) format. To generate specific information on most common collocates of Mecca and Makkah, collocates programme in WordSmith Tools is used as well as in Sara client.
The data in both corpora was analysed in relation to the following:
• Concordances for the three nodes: ‘Makkah’, ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and ‘Mecca’
• Collocates of the three nodes: ‘Makkah’, ‘Makkah (Mecca)’ and ‘Mecca’
الصفحة الأخيرة
حابو اساعدك بس بعد كدا لو طلع الي اديتك مو صحيح ردي لي خبر لان كلامك مو واضح اش تبغى في اللغة الانجليزية والا العربية والا ال2 عكس بعكس؟؟ عموما الي فهمتو انا انو في اللغة الانجليزية لوحدها عشان كدا .... امممم بسراحة فيه كتير عن الحجات دي في اللغة الانجليزية ونا قريت و سويت ابحاث كتيرة عن الشي دا بس بديكي انا بعض الظواهر واختك تختار الي تقدر تفهم وتعبر عن فكرتو اكتر وانشالله انو يكون هوا المفهوم من كلامك و المقصود من قبلها:
مثلا الكلمات نفسها لمعطى ومسمى واحد تختلف من ثقافة للتانية و من منطقة للتانية سواء لنفس الناطقين باللغة الانجليزية او اللغة الاصلية. مثلا عشان اكون اكتر توضيح للفكرة نقل كلمة من لغة ما الى لغة اخرى الجميع بيفترض انو الكلمة نفسها تترجم باقرب معنى او تنقل بالمعنى الصحيح علاقل للغة المترجم اليها. هذا الي نتقعو بس في بعض الاحيان تكون الظواهر اللغوية مختلفة و متغيرة.
مثال : كلمة مكة
كلمة موجودة في اللغة العربية وذات اصل عربي. ترجمت الكلمة للغة الانجليزية لتدل على المنطقة المقدسة في باديء الامر وكان ترطين الكلمة الى اللغى الانجليزية على هذا النحو =Mecca لان اي كلمة تنقل كما هي حرفيا وخاصة تحصل هذه الظاهرة مع نقل الاسماء والاعلام بصفة عامة من لغى لاخرى فترطن الكلمة وتقرب مخارجها و حروفها لاقرب مخارج وحروف للغة المنقولة اليها.
نعود لمكة = Mecca كتبت هكذا في البداية واصبحت كلمة انجليزية رسمية تدل على علم " اسم منطقة مقدسة لدى المسلمين ".
اللغة الانجليزية لغة متطورة جدا و سريعة التغير. ابتدأ الناس في اللغة الانجليزية يستخدمون نفس كلمة Mecca لاشارة الى شي مشهور و يصبح الحرف الكبتل الي يفرق العلم عن الاسم العادي سمول : مثال mecca هكذا اصبحت تكتب.
مثال في جملة = البندقية اصبحت قبلة العالم في الرسم Paris becomes the mecca of fashion. الترجمة لاستخدام مكة هنا اختلف واصبح = باريس اصبحت قبلة الازياء. اذن استخدمت كلمة مكة واضيف لها حرف جر وال التعريف = the mecca of
مع العلم باننا في اللغة العربية لا نقول مصر هي مكة السياح. بل نقول مصر هي قبلة السياح. ولكن لا نستخدم كلمة مكة بمعنى حرفي او حتمي كما اصبح استخدام الكلمة في اللغة الانجليزية.
ايضا طالب العرب والمسلمين بتغيير تهجئة كلمة مكة من mecca الى MAKKAH وذلك لوضع الكلمة المقدسة في بيئات مختلفة عن التي يفترض ان توجد فيها هذه الكلمة المقدسة. مثال : لندن هي قبلة البيرا. ( الحكول) London is the mecca of pear
او قول تعتبر الولايات المتحدة الامريكية قبلة القمار. USA is the mecca of gambling
شيء اخر و هو ان الكلمة ايضا تغيرت مع الوقت واصبحت تستخدم للاشارة الى اسم علم فيوجد شخص في امريكا اسمه مكة!!
اختي البحث طويل وهو مكتوب باللغة الانجليزية ونا عاملتو في تخصص بس الدليل يبغا لك عشان تتاكد الدكتورة من صحة كلامك المراجع. المراجع مدونة ولكن تحتاج الى مرجع تطبيقي او عملي لاني انا قمت بجمع نصوص وفي دراستنا نضعها في برنامج سوفت وير معين يفرز لك استخدام الكلمة و معناها.
عالعموم اتمنى انها تقدر تتكلم عن هذا الموضوع اذا كان فهمت فكرتو مع العلم انو كان رائد زي مقالت لي بروفيسورتي و جديد لاني كنت اتعقد كل ماشوف لفظ مكة بالغلط قدام عيني على اعلان خمر ولا نادي ومقهى قمار ليلي:angry2: .
ايضا فيه مواضيع تانية تقدر تتحدث فيها زي اختلاف النطق بين اللهجتين البريطانية والامريكية واختلاف الفهم بين اللهجتين واظن دا سهل تقدر تبحث عنو.
اتمنى اني قدرت اساعدها و موفقة يا رب.
والبحث تبعي ارفقت الجزء المهم بالنسبة ليها ع دكومنت مرقم من 1-5 لانو كبير وهو باللغة الانجليزية بس تحتاج اذا كانت مبتدئة لمزيد من الفهم للفكرة عشان تعرف تحلل الظاهرة اللغوية وبالتوفيق:42: .