هذا توضيح لبعض استخدامات by مع بعض الجمل التوضيحيه
by (CAUSE )
preposition used to show the person or thing that does something:
نلاحظ في الجمل التالية ان الجزء الثاني من الجملة هو مسبب الجزء الأول منها
The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man.
We were amazed by what she told us.
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov.
The book was translated by a well-known author.
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice
by (METHOD)
preposition used to show how something is done:
هنا تستخدم لتوضيح كيفية فعل شيء ما
They traveled across Europe by train/car.
She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone, without help from anyone).
We went in by (= through) the front door.
Do you wish to be paid in cash or by cheque?
He learned English by listening to the radio.
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body).
I refuse to live by (= following) their rules.
by (MEASUREMENT)
preposition used to show measurements or amounts:
هنا تستخدم لوصف قياسات أو كميات
Our office floor space measured twelve meters by ten (= was twelve meters in one direction and ten in the other).
Their wages were increased by 12%.
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work).
These telephones have sold by the thousand.
by (DURING)
preposition during:
هنا تستخدم بمعنى "خلال"
We traveled by night and rested by day
by (NEAR )
preposition, adverb near, beside or (in distance or time) past:
هنا تستخدم بمعنى بالقرب من
A small child stood sullenly by her side.
He wanted to keep her close by him always.
The policewoman walked by (= past) (them) without saying a word
by (CAUSE )
preposition
used to show the person or thing that does something:
نلاحظ في الجمل التالية ان الجزء الثاني من الجملة هو مسبب الجزء الأول منها
The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man.
We were amazed by what she told us.
I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov.
The book was translated by a well-known author.
I felt frightened by the anger in his voice
by (METHOD)
preposition
used to show how something is done:
هنا تستخدم لتوضيح كيفية فعل شيء ما
They traveled across Europe by train/car.
She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone, without help from anyone).
We went in by (= through) the front door.
Do you wish to be paid in cash or by cheque?
He learned English by listening to the radio.
Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body).
I refuse to live by (= following) their rules.
by (MEASUREMENT)
preposition
used to show measurements or amounts:
هنا تستخدم لوصف قياسات أو كميات
Our office floor space measured twelve meters by ten (= was twelve meters in one direction and ten in the other).
Their wages were increased by 12%.
Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work).
These telephones have sold by the thousand.
by (DURING)
preposition
during:
هنا تستخدم بمعنى "خلال"
We traveled by night and rested by day
by (NEAR )
preposition, adverb
near, beside or (in distance or time) past:
هنا تستخدم بمعنى بالقرب من
A small child stood sullenly by her side.
He wanted to keep her close by him always.
The policewoman walked by (= past) (them) without saying a word
لاتنسون تدعون لي بالولد الصالح..