بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
البنت الي تشوف نفسها تقدر تترجم ترز لي اسمها بالموضوع وانا بأرسلها الترجمة
والله يجزاها حسن ثواب الدنيا والآخرة اش في احلى من الأجر؟؟:)
ترى الكلام مهو صعب والله..
وجزاكم الله خير
يلزم عليك تسجيل الدخول أولًا لكتابة تعليق.
جينفر
•
ارسلي وانا في الخدمة
المهم ابيه بكرة يكون جااااهز الله يناولكم اللي ببالكم
هذي الصفحتين :
Abstract
this paper integrates and extends research on e-commerce in the developing world.
we use three categories of feedback systems-economic, sociopolitical and cognitive-to offer a simple model of e-commerce barriers in the developing world.
we also examine characteristics of e-business models that can be successfully employed in developing countries. then, we provide the case of an e-business model followed by a Nepal-based multiple international award winning online provider.
This paper's theoretical contribution is to explain the hows and whys of e-commerce in developing countries and to identify clear contexts and attendant mechanism.
keywords
barriers
expatriates
innovation diffusion
literature review
barriers to e-commerce in developing countries.
we analyze e-commerce barriers in terms of three categories of negative feedback systems:
economic, sociopolitical and cognitive.
while economic and sociopolitical factors focus primarily on the environmental characteristics, the cognitive component reflects organizational and individual behaviors.
Arguably, for the initial adoption of e- commerce in developing countries, the cognitive component plays a more prominent role.
As organizations assimilate sophisticated e-commerce practices, environmental factors play more critical roles.
Economic barriers
positive economic feedback occurs in the presence of increasing returns to scale.
research has suggested that a slow internet diffusion in developing countries has led to a low IT business value measured by performance and productivity.
barriers associated with the lack of economies of scale in small developing countries are widely recognized.
A study found that small sizes of many Caribbean nations inhibited the development of "clusters" for the IT industry.
Another study found adverse scale effects in the Tanzanian e-commerce industry.
Slow Internet diffusion in developing countries can be attributed to market and infrastructural factors controlling the availability of ICTs.
In Tanzania, for instance, a lack of electrical supply, a low teledensity and a lack of purchasing power resulted in a low rural Internet usage. Moreover, manufacturers of ICT products focus on large distributors often located in developed countries for their selling initiates.
Unavailable of credit cards is also a major hurdle.
Past studies have found such problems for B2C e-commerce in Russia, India and Latin America.
In Asia 35-40% of transactions are cash-based. Other aspects of financial systems are also underdeveloped. In the Caribbean, local banks do not process on-line credit card transactions or other forms of electronic payment systems.
The Internet is also less attractive for traditional economic sectors (e.g., agriculture) that account for a significant proportion of developing countries economies.
For instance, a study indicated that cost saving from e-commerce-as a percent of total input costs- is only 2% for firms in traditional sectors such as coal compared to 40% in electronic components.
Rapid growth of e-commerce in the US can be attributed to infrastructure already in place and an easy availability of a physical delivery system.
Such systems are more rare in developing countries.
In the Caribbean region, logistics challenges are among major barriers to e-commerce diffusion. It is difficult for small developing countries to attract FedEx and UPS to provide delivery services. Finally, bandwidth availability is low in developing countries. A lower bandwidth means that a longer time is needed to transfer data and hence a lower relative advantage of the Internet.
Sociopolitical barriers:
Sociopolitical barriers can be explained in terms of formal and informal institutions.
They often tend to be more difficult and time consuming to overcome than technological barriers.
Social barriers are related with informal institutions.
In Asia, personal relationships are important in businesses and anonymous online relationships threaten established interpersonal networks.
Preference for personal face-to-face communications over e-mails and precedence of established relationships over the Internet's inter-personal efficiency also work against e-commerce.
Political barriers are applied in an organized way by formally appointed groups. Many developing countries lack laws that provide legal validity of digital and electronic signatures (DES).
Some developing countries treat ICT products as luxury items and impose import duty, surtax, value added tax, ets. Weak formal institutions also lower consumer trust in e-commerce and willingness to buy online.
The literature provides abundant evidence that legal barriers are among major hindrances to e-commerce in the developing world. A survey conducted among Brazilian consumers indicated that the low e-commerce adoption rate was related to government regulations such as concern about privacy and security, lack of business laws for e-commerce, inadequate legal protection for Internet purchases and concern over Internet taxation. Likewise, in China, a lack of 'transactional and institutional trust' related to the weak rule of laws was a major impediment to e-commerce.
Cognitive barriers..
Cognitive factors are related to mental maps of individuals and organizational decision markers. Some analysts argue that cognitive barriers are more serious than other categories of barriers in developing countries. Many effects such as inadequate awareness, knowledge, skills, and confidence serve as cognitive feedbacks.
For instance, the top management's a priori evaluation influences cognitive bias toward e-business. In developing countries organizations' human, business, and technological resources, a lack of awareness and understanding of potential opportunities, risk aversion and inertia often lead to a negative cognitive assessment of e-commerce.
Consumer's lack of awareness and knowledge of e-commerce benefits and their lack of confidence in service providers have also hindered e-commerce. For instance, in Latin America, a low rate of credit card usage can be attributed to the "lack of trust in than lack of access to" the credit card system. Another survey found that the degree of trust in the postal network for a package worth US$100 was strongly correlated with GNP per capita. Likewise, concerns related to postal thefts were among major barriers to e-commerce in Trinidad.
A final consideration with cognitive barriers is related to general and computer illiteracy and a lack of English language skills. Note that most software, human-computer interfaces and content on the Web are English.
Estimates suggest that half of the populations of developing countries cannot speak an official language of their own country.
A lack of capability in English language has thus been a major inhibitor among non-English-speaking consumers, especially the older generation.
In Slovenia, 75% of the population fluent in English used the Internet compared to only 1% of non-English speakers.
The number of sites in languages such as Quechua (10 million speakers in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru) or Ibo (15 million speaker in Nigeria) "can be counted on the fingers of one hand—and none offer interactive features".
وجزاكم الله كل خير
هذي الصفحتين :
Abstract
this paper integrates and extends research on e-commerce in the developing world.
we use three categories of feedback systems-economic, sociopolitical and cognitive-to offer a simple model of e-commerce barriers in the developing world.
we also examine characteristics of e-business models that can be successfully employed in developing countries. then, we provide the case of an e-business model followed by a Nepal-based multiple international award winning online provider.
This paper's theoretical contribution is to explain the hows and whys of e-commerce in developing countries and to identify clear contexts and attendant mechanism.
keywords
barriers
expatriates
innovation diffusion
literature review
barriers to e-commerce in developing countries.
we analyze e-commerce barriers in terms of three categories of negative feedback systems:
economic, sociopolitical and cognitive.
while economic and sociopolitical factors focus primarily on the environmental characteristics, the cognitive component reflects organizational and individual behaviors.
Arguably, for the initial adoption of e- commerce in developing countries, the cognitive component plays a more prominent role.
As organizations assimilate sophisticated e-commerce practices, environmental factors play more critical roles.
Economic barriers
positive economic feedback occurs in the presence of increasing returns to scale.
research has suggested that a slow internet diffusion in developing countries has led to a low IT business value measured by performance and productivity.
barriers associated with the lack of economies of scale in small developing countries are widely recognized.
A study found that small sizes of many Caribbean nations inhibited the development of "clusters" for the IT industry.
Another study found adverse scale effects in the Tanzanian e-commerce industry.
Slow Internet diffusion in developing countries can be attributed to market and infrastructural factors controlling the availability of ICTs.
In Tanzania, for instance, a lack of electrical supply, a low teledensity and a lack of purchasing power resulted in a low rural Internet usage. Moreover, manufacturers of ICT products focus on large distributors often located in developed countries for their selling initiates.
Unavailable of credit cards is also a major hurdle.
Past studies have found such problems for B2C e-commerce in Russia, India and Latin America.
In Asia 35-40% of transactions are cash-based. Other aspects of financial systems are also underdeveloped. In the Caribbean, local banks do not process on-line credit card transactions or other forms of electronic payment systems.
The Internet is also less attractive for traditional economic sectors (e.g., agriculture) that account for a significant proportion of developing countries economies.
For instance, a study indicated that cost saving from e-commerce-as a percent of total input costs- is only 2% for firms in traditional sectors such as coal compared to 40% in electronic components.
Rapid growth of e-commerce in the US can be attributed to infrastructure already in place and an easy availability of a physical delivery system.
Such systems are more rare in developing countries.
In the Caribbean region, logistics challenges are among major barriers to e-commerce diffusion. It is difficult for small developing countries to attract FedEx and UPS to provide delivery services. Finally, bandwidth availability is low in developing countries. A lower bandwidth means that a longer time is needed to transfer data and hence a lower relative advantage of the Internet.
Sociopolitical barriers:
Sociopolitical barriers can be explained in terms of formal and informal institutions.
They often tend to be more difficult and time consuming to overcome than technological barriers.
Social barriers are related with informal institutions.
In Asia, personal relationships are important in businesses and anonymous online relationships threaten established interpersonal networks.
Preference for personal face-to-face communications over e-mails and precedence of established relationships over the Internet's inter-personal efficiency also work against e-commerce.
Political barriers are applied in an organized way by formally appointed groups. Many developing countries lack laws that provide legal validity of digital and electronic signatures (DES).
Some developing countries treat ICT products as luxury items and impose import duty, surtax, value added tax, ets. Weak formal institutions also lower consumer trust in e-commerce and willingness to buy online.
The literature provides abundant evidence that legal barriers are among major hindrances to e-commerce in the developing world. A survey conducted among Brazilian consumers indicated that the low e-commerce adoption rate was related to government regulations such as concern about privacy and security, lack of business laws for e-commerce, inadequate legal protection for Internet purchases and concern over Internet taxation. Likewise, in China, a lack of 'transactional and institutional trust' related to the weak rule of laws was a major impediment to e-commerce.
Cognitive barriers..
Cognitive factors are related to mental maps of individuals and organizational decision markers. Some analysts argue that cognitive barriers are more serious than other categories of barriers in developing countries. Many effects such as inadequate awareness, knowledge, skills, and confidence serve as cognitive feedbacks.
For instance, the top management's a priori evaluation influences cognitive bias toward e-business. In developing countries organizations' human, business, and technological resources, a lack of awareness and understanding of potential opportunities, risk aversion and inertia often lead to a negative cognitive assessment of e-commerce.
Consumer's lack of awareness and knowledge of e-commerce benefits and their lack of confidence in service providers have also hindered e-commerce. For instance, in Latin America, a low rate of credit card usage can be attributed to the "lack of trust in than lack of access to" the credit card system. Another survey found that the degree of trust in the postal network for a package worth US$100 was strongly correlated with GNP per capita. Likewise, concerns related to postal thefts were among major barriers to e-commerce in Trinidad.
A final consideration with cognitive barriers is related to general and computer illiteracy and a lack of English language skills. Note that most software, human-computer interfaces and content on the Web are English.
Estimates suggest that half of the populations of developing countries cannot speak an official language of their own country.
A lack of capability in English language has thus been a major inhibitor among non-English-speaking consumers, especially the older generation.
In Slovenia, 75% of the population fluent in English used the Internet compared to only 1% of non-English speakers.
The number of sites in languages such as Quechua (10 million speakers in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru) or Ibo (15 million speaker in Nigeria) "can be counted on the fingers of one hand—and none offer interactive features".
وجزاكم الله كل خير
وينكــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــم بنات ؟؟؟
كل وحدة دقت صدرها والحين مااشوف الا غباركم !!!!!:(
كل وحدة دقت صدرها والحين مااشوف الا غباركم !!!!!:(
الصفحة الأخيرة