السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
درسنا اليوم سهل وهو
Capital Letters
متى نستخدم الكابتل ليترز ؟؟
The rules for using them are mostly very simple.
The first word of a sentence, or of a fragment, begins with a capital letter
أول كلمة في الجملة , أو جزئية تبدأ بحرف كبير
أمثلة
It is raining today
Will any one come to Lama's party tomorow? Probably not
**********
( The names of the days of the week, and of the months of the year, are written with a capital letter:
أسماء الايام في الاسبوع والشهور للسنة تكتب بحرف كبير ..
أمثلة ..
Hamad was born on 27 January, 1756.
Football practice takes place on Wednesdays and Fridays.
However, the names of seasons are not written with a capital:
اسماء الفصول الاربعة للسنة تكتب بحروف صغيرة ليست كبيرة وهي (summer , winter, spring ,autumn
Like cricket, baseball is played in the summer.
Do not write *"... in the Summer".
The names of languages are always written with a capital letter. Be careful about this; it's a very common mistake
أسماء اللغات تبدأ دائما بحرف كبير ,, انتبهوا لهالنقطة لانه خطأ شائع ,,
تشوف الامثلة
Juliet speaks English, French, Italian and Portuguese.
I need to **** on my Spanish irregular verbs.
These days, few students study Latin and Greek.
Note, however, that names of disciplines and school subjects are not capitalized unless they happen to be the names of languages:
ملاحظة :
اسماء المجالات والمواد الدراسية لا تبدأ بحروف كبيرة الا اذا كانت اسماء للغات
I'm doing A-levels in history, geography and English. Newton made important contributions to physics and mathematics. She is studying French literature.
**************
Words that express a connection with a particular place must be capitalized when they have their literal meanings
الكلمات اللي لها علاقة باماكن معينة يجب ان تبدا بحرف كبير اذا كان لها معنة حرفي ,,, كيف يعني ؟؟؟ نشوف بالامثلة
The result of the French election is still in doubt.
هنا الانتخابات الفرنسية ,,, فرنش هنا مرتبطة بفرانس فرنسا مكان معين ومستحيل نلقى الانتخابات الفرنسية بطوكيو مثلا .. عشان كذا تبدا بكابتل لتر
There are no mountains in the Dutch landscape
هنا قاعدة اقول انه لا يوجد جبال عالحدود الهولندية وكبرت اول لتر من الهولندية لاني انكلم عنها مو عن اي مكان اخر
However, it is not necessary to capitalize these words when they occur as parts of fixed phrases and don't express any direct connection with the relevant places:
مع ذلك ,, انه ليس بالضروري بداية هذه الكلمات بحرف كبير لما تأتي كجزء في عبارة ثابتة ولا يظهر اي علاقة مباشرة مع مكان معين ,,
أمثلة
Please buy some danish pastries.
In warm weather, we keep our french windows open.
I prefer russian dressing on my salad.
Why the difference? Well, a danish pastry is merely a particular sort of pastry; it doesn't have to come from Denmark. Likewise, french windows are merely a particular kind of window, and russian dressing is just a particular variety of salad dressing. Even in these cases, you can capitalize these words if you want to, as long as you are consistent about it. But notice how convenient it can be to make the difference
In warm weather, we keep our french windows open. After nightfall, French windows are always shuttered. In the first example, french windows just refers to a kind of window; in the second, French windows refers specifically to windows in France.
من الاخر ,, نقدر نستخدم الحالتين هنا سواء بديناها بكبتل لتر او سمول لتر ,, ترجموا الكلام اللي فوق للاستزادة لو مافهمتووه
*****************
(e) In the same vein, words that identify nationalities or ethnic groups must be capitalized:
الجنسيات والجماعات العرقية تبدا بكبتل لتر
أمثلة
The Serbs and the Croats have become bitter enemies
*************
Proper names are always capitalized. A proper name is a name or a title that refers to an individual person, an individual place, an individual institution or an individual event. Here are some examples
الاسماء المعينة لشخص معين , مكان معين , مؤسسة معينة أو حدث معين
بعص الامثلة
The study of language was revolutionized by Noam Chomsky.
The Golden Gate Bridge towers above San Francisco Bay.
There will be a debate between Professor Lacey and Doctor Davis.
Many people mistakenly believe that Mexico is in South America.
My friend Julie is training for the Winter Olympics.
Observe the difference between the next two examples:
We have asked for a meeting with the President. I would like to be the president of a big company
لاحظ الفرق بين المثالين فوق ,,
In the first, the title the President is capitalized because it is a title referring to a specific person; in the second, there is no capital, because the word president does not refer to anyone in particular
في الجملة الاولى كابتل لانها ترجع لشخص معين رئيس معين
في الثانية لا ماترجع لشخص معين
i) The names of festivals and holy days are capitalized:
اسماء المهرجانات والايام والمناسبات الدينية
We have long breaks at Christmas and Easter.
During Ramadan, one may not eat before sundown.
I buy new dress to wear it in Eid Al-Fiter
*******
In the title or name of a book, a play, a poem, a film, a magazine,or a newspaper , a capital letter is used for the first word and for every significant word (that is, a little word like the, of, and or in is not capitalized unless it is the first word):
عنوان كتاب , مسرحية , قصيدة , قلم , مجلة أو جريدة يجب كتابة العنوان بحرف كبير لكل كلمة فيه ما عدا الكلمات الصغيرة زي
the الا لو جت ببداية العنوان او كانت اسم لكتاب او شي
of ,and , in
أمثلة
I was terrified by The Silence of the Lambs.
The Round Tower was written by Catherine Cookson.
I enjoyed reading Sara's essay The Important of Love
The pronoun I is always capitalized:
الضمير I دائما بكبتل لتر مهما صار وين ماكان بالجملة كبتل
مثال
She thought I'd borrowed her keys, but I hadn't.
Summary of Capital Letters:
Capitalize
- the first word of a sentence or fragment
- the name of a day or a month
- the name of a language
- a word expressing a connection with a place
- the name of a nationality or an ethnic group
- a proper name
- the first word, and each significant word, of a title
- the pronoun I
Correct the mistakes here
i love cooking too much. my mother always thank me when i help her in cooking . I buy new book for italian food ,its name rome in your kitchen . i love this book too much. my dream now is to travel to italy
انتهى الدرس ,, بعد قليل الدرس الثامن والاخير ,,,
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته ,,
درسنا اليوم بمشيئة الله تابع للدرس السابق ,,
تعرفنا على Simple sentence واليوم بناخذ ال COMPOUND SENTENCE و COMPLEX SENTENCE
بسم الله توكلنا على الله,,
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)
الكومباوند سنتنز او الجمل المركبة هي عبارة عن جملة تحتوي على جملتين بسيطتين (two independent clauses ) ومربوطة بكوردنيتور () رابط والكوردنيتورز او الروابط للجمل المركبة 7 روابط (اللي بالازرق ) وعشان ماننساها اخذنا الحرف الاول من رابط وجمعناهم بكلمة FANBOYS
وايضا لازم نحط فاصله بعد المقطع الاول من الجملة
نشوف مثال
Ahmad goes to his school ,but he arraives late
وهنا بعد امثلة للجمل المركبة ,,
الاصفر = subject
الأخضر= verb
الأحمر= the coordinators and the commas
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?
الجمل الثلاثة السابقة جمل مركبة , كل جملة تحتوي على 2 اندبنتت كلوز ومربوطة برابط تسبقة فاصله
انتبهي لاستخدام الرابط المناسب زي ماحنا شايفين في الجملتين بي وسي الجمل نفسها بس الاختلاف بالرابط الجملة B اي حدث حصل اولاً الياندرو لعب كرة ولا ماريا رحت السوق ؟؟
بالتأكيد الياندرو لعب الكرة أول ولهذه النتيجة يعني عشانه لعب بالكرة ماريا راحت السوق . بينما بالجملة الثانية ماريا راحت السوق اول وبعدها الياندرو لعب الكرة لانه ممكن مالقى اي شي ثاني يسويه قام لعب بسبب انه ماريا راحت السوق ملاحظة : for هنا بمعنى بيكوز اي بسبب
كيف ممكن نستخدم اي رابط اخر عشان نغير العلاقة بين البندين ؟؟ استنى اجابتكم وتحليلكم بموضوع المناقشة
النوع الثالث ,,
COMPLEX SENTENCE
الجمل المعقدة
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such asbecause, since, after, although, or when or
a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which
الجمل المعقدة تحتوي على بند مستقل () وعلى بند غير مستقل
الجمل المعقدة لازم تحتوي على سبوردنيتور (رابط ) مثل اللي بالازرق
مثال
I am looking forward you when the telephon rang
امثلة
When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
لما تبدأ الجملة المعقدة بسبوردنيتور مثل الجملة A&D الفاصلة ضرووورية بعد نهاية الدبندينت كلوز . أما لما الانبدندينت كلوز يبدأ الجملة والسبوردنيتور يكون بوسط الجملة في هذه الحالة مايحتاج نحط فاصلة زي عندنا الجمل B,C& E الفاصلة مو مطلوبة اذا حطينا فاصلة يعتبر غلط ,,,
ملاحظاات ::
* independent clause = simple sentence = بند مستقل
* dependent clause = incoomlete sentence=بند غير مستقل = جملة غير كاملة (تبدأ بسبوردنيتور ) مثال
when it rains
عندما نمطر .. جملة غير كاملة
* الsubordinators للجمل المعقدة complex sentence وهي
which ,that, who, ,because, since, after, although
الcoordinators للجمل المركبة compound sentence وهي for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so وعشان ماننساهم بنتذكرهم بكلمة FANBOYS حيث كل حرف من هالكلمة يشير الى كوردنيتور معين
انتهيت بفضل الله
الواجب ,,
Q1) Identify the following sentences as simple, compound, or complex
The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance
Talal played football while Reem went shopping.
Although Mexico has the better football team, it lost.
The island was filled with many winding trails, a small lake, and dangerous wild wolves
Hamad passed the test because he studied hard and understood the material
Q2)Write 1 sentence for each type (simple ,compound and complex )
السؤال الأول حددي نوع الجملة والسؤال الثاني اكتبي جملة لكل نوع
استودعكم الله والى اللقاء