f. LISTEN to the following sentences and FILL IN the blanks.
(See exercise g for the sentences used in this section).
g. Now LISTEN to the following sentences and REPEAT.
1. Mary attended a -------------- show last week.
2. Sally bought three packages of chewing ------------------.
3. The state of Maryland is known for its --------------------.
4. The ------------------ from the pan splattered on the stove.
5. A large ---------------- removed the boulders from the lot.
6. Two -------------------- of oranges from Florida arrived today.
7. Jody bought five ----------------- office for the party.
8. Bob bought a new ----------------- for his fireplace.
9. Kathy spotted six --------------- in the back yard.
10. Which country placed first in the Olympic --------------.
سميّة
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سميّة
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Chapter 4 – Unit 4
Fricatives
The next sounds we will consider are the fricatives. Rvicatives are part of a class of sounds called continuants. With continuants, the obstruction of the air stream is only partial, as opposed to the stops where the air stream is totally blocked. This partial obstruction allows the continuation of a sound over a period of time (limited only by the lung capacity of the speaker). A fricative, then, is a type of continuant in which the feature of friction is caused by air being forced through a small opening.
In this section, we will consider five types of fricatives – the labiodental fricatives and , the interdental fricatives and , the alveolar fricatives and , the palantal fricatives and , and the glottal fricative .
Labiodental Fricatives .
Albiodental sound is one in which contact is made between the lower lip and the upper teeth. and are considered labiodental fricatives; is voiceless and is voiced . See Figure 4-4. Note the articulatory position for the labiodentals and in this diagram.
1. The sounds we are considering are called -------------------.
2. These sounds are part of a class of sounds that are called ---------.
3. These sounds are characterized by a ---------------- obstruction of the air stream.
4. The differ from stops in that with stops there is a ------------- obstruction of the air stream as opposed to a partial obstruction of the air stream with the fricatives.
5. The first group of fricatives that we are considering are the ------------fricatives.
6. Labiodental sounds are formed when contact is made between the ------------ and the ------------.
7. The two labiodental fricatives are and .
8. The feature of ------------ is what distinguishes the sound from the sound.
9. What is the position of your lower lip and upper teeth when you say and ? --------------------------------
10. The two sounds and are made by touching the ------------- teeth with the ----------------- lip. They are the two -------------- sounds of English.
11. In the following sentence underline all the letters that represent labiodental sounds: Phyllis, Dave, and five other violinists from Vermont will perform with sympho orchestra.
Fricatives
The next sounds we will consider are the fricatives. Rvicatives are part of a class of sounds called continuants. With continuants, the obstruction of the air stream is only partial, as opposed to the stops where the air stream is totally blocked. This partial obstruction allows the continuation of a sound over a period of time (limited only by the lung capacity of the speaker). A fricative, then, is a type of continuant in which the feature of friction is caused by air being forced through a small opening.
In this section, we will consider five types of fricatives – the labiodental fricatives and , the interdental fricatives and , the alveolar fricatives and , the palantal fricatives and , and the glottal fricative .
Labiodental Fricatives .
Albiodental sound is one in which contact is made between the lower lip and the upper teeth. and are considered labiodental fricatives; is voiceless and is voiced . See Figure 4-4. Note the articulatory position for the labiodentals and in this diagram.
1. The sounds we are considering are called -------------------.
2. These sounds are part of a class of sounds that are called ---------.
3. These sounds are characterized by a ---------------- obstruction of the air stream.
4. The differ from stops in that with stops there is a ------------- obstruction of the air stream as opposed to a partial obstruction of the air stream with the fricatives.
5. The first group of fricatives that we are considering are the ------------fricatives.
6. Labiodental sounds are formed when contact is made between the ------------ and the ------------.
7. The two labiodental fricatives are and .
8. The feature of ------------ is what distinguishes the sound from the sound.
9. What is the position of your lower lip and upper teeth when you say and ? --------------------------------
10. The two sounds and are made by touching the ------------- teeth with the ----------------- lip. They are the two -------------- sounds of English.
11. In the following sentence underline all the letters that represent labiodental sounds: Phyllis, Dave, and five other violinists from Vermont will perform with sympho orchestra.
سميّة
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f. LISTEN to the following sentences and FILL IN the blanks.
(See Exercise g for sentences used in this section).
g. Now LISTEN to the sentences from Exercise f and REPEAT.
1. The chef served ------------ Parmesan for dinner last night.
2. Please put these documents in the brown --------- cabinet.
3. The street ------------ was selling souvenirs to tourists.
4. The actors did a ---------- job during their performance.
5. The children loved listening to Grimm's ----------- Tales.
6. The banker placed the customer's jewelery in the ------------.
7. Elizabeth searched in -------------- for her lost notebook.
8. No one could determine whose ----------- the accident was.
9. There was several dents in the rear -------------.
10. Tom picked several tomatoes from the --------------.
(See Exercise g for sentences used in this section).
g. Now LISTEN to the sentences from Exercise f and REPEAT.
1. The chef served ------------ Parmesan for dinner last night.
2. Please put these documents in the brown --------- cabinet.
3. The street ------------ was selling souvenirs to tourists.
4. The actors did a ---------- job during their performance.
5. The children loved listening to Grimm's ----------- Tales.
6. The banker placed the customer's jewelery in the ------------.
7. Elizabeth searched in -------------- for her lost notebook.
8. No one could determine whose ----------- the accident was.
9. There was several dents in the rear -------------.
10. Tom picked several tomatoes from the --------------.
سميّة
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Chapter 4 – Unit 5
Interdental Fricative
The interdentals are articulated between the blade of the tongue and the upper teeth. The two interdental fricatives are and . is voiceless and is voiced. See Figure 4-5. Note the articulatory position for the interdentals and in this diagram.
Programmed Text
1. The second group of fricatives that we are considering are the --------- fricatives.
2. The articulation of the interdental fricatives is between the blade of the ---------- and the ---------.
3. There are two interdental fricatives, and .
4. When we say `thin', the blade of the tongue touches the upper teeth. Since the tongue is between the teeth, we call the resulting sound an interdental sound or simply an -----------.
5. Describe the position of your tongue and teeth while pronouncing the initial sounds in the following words; thin, thumg, the, thought.
6. and are the two interdental sounds of English because the blade of the tongue is ------------- the upper and lower teeth during the production of these sounds.
7. In the following sentence underline all the letters representing interdental sounds: Theodora and Thomas thought that they were too thin.
Interdental Fricative
The interdentals are articulated between the blade of the tongue and the upper teeth. The two interdental fricatives are and . is voiceless and is voiced. See Figure 4-5. Note the articulatory position for the interdentals and in this diagram.
Programmed Text
1. The second group of fricatives that we are considering are the --------- fricatives.
2. The articulation of the interdental fricatives is between the blade of the ---------- and the ---------.
3. There are two interdental fricatives, and .
4. When we say `thin', the blade of the tongue touches the upper teeth. Since the tongue is between the teeth, we call the resulting sound an interdental sound or simply an -----------.
5. Describe the position of your tongue and teeth while pronouncing the initial sounds in the following words; thin, thumg, the, thought.
6. and are the two interdental sounds of English because the blade of the tongue is ------------- the upper and lower teeth during the production of these sounds.
7. In the following sentence underline all the letters representing interdental sounds: Theodora and Thomas thought that they were too thin.
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Velar Stops .
The final pair of stops are the velar stops, and . The point of contact is between the back of the tongue and the soft palate or velum. is voiceless while is voiced. See Figure 4-3. Note the articulatory adjustments for and .
Programmed Text
1. The initial sound of 'kin' is produced with the back of the tongue making contact with the velum and is therefore called a velar sound or simply a -------------------.
2. is the first sound of the word `kin'. However, the sound is not always spelled with the letter k. How is spelled in the word request? ------------------
3. The point of articulation for is different from the two points studied so far. Say the initial sounds of `pin', `tin' and `kin' several times. You will notice that the air stream is modified farther --------- in the mouth for than for or .
4. With the sound as in word `kite', contact is made between the tongue and the soft plate (velum). is therefore called a velar sound because the back of the tongue is in contact with the soft palate or ------------.
5. The final consonant of `bag' is . Say `back' and `bag'. is a ----------- sound, and since is produced at the same point of articulation, it is also --------- a sound.
6. Like , is produced with the back of the tongue touching the --------------------- as in the words `gun', `trigger', and `pig'.
7. In the following sentence underling all the letters that represent velar stops: Gary called up the girls to get his records back because he is going to give a party tonight.
8. Write the symbol for the first sound in each of the following words. What is the point of articulation for each? What kind of sounds are they?
Candy --------------- ---------------- -----------------
Tomato --------------- ---------------- -----------------
dance --------------- ---------------- -----------------
brother --------------- ---------------- -----------------
pretty --------------- ---------------- -----------------
grammar --------------- ---------------- -----------------
9. Name two bilabial sounds:
10. Name two alveolar sounds:
11. Name two velar sounds: